E. Ginelli, M. Malcovati Molecole, Cellule ed Organismi EdiSES
De Leo, "Biologia a Genetica" EdiSES ed.
Becker M "Il mondo della cellula" Pearson Ed.
Learning Objectives - Part A
Provide basic knowledge about major biological macromolecules, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure and major metabolic pathways. Define the principles of genetic information, cell division mechanisms and cellular homeostasis. Deepen the concept of transcription and protein synthesis. Also, provide the mechanisms behind the cellular metabolic activities, especially in terms of cell death and regeneration
Learning Objectives - Part B
Provide basic knowledge about major biological macromolecules, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure and major metabolic pathways. Define the principles of genetic information, cell division mechanisms and cellular homeostasis. Deepen the concept of transcription and protein synthesis. Also, provide the mechanisms behind the cellular metabolic activities, especially in terms of cell death and regeneration
Prerequisites - Part A
none
Prerequisites - Part B
none
Teaching Methods - Part A
Lessons in the presence of the teacher and distance lessons through the e-learning platform of the University
Teaching Methods - Part B
Lessons in the presence of the teacher and distance lessons through the e-learning platform of the University
Type of Assessment - Part A
Compulsory distance activities through the e-learning platform at the University and final oral exam. The final vote will be the average of the marks obtained with distance activities and the oral exam
Type of Assessment - Part B
Compulsory distance activities through the e-learning platform at the University and final oral exam. The final vote will be the average of the marks obtained with distance activities and the oral exam
Course program - Part A
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids. External bonds between glycerol and fatty acid in the lipids. Triacilglycerols or triglycerides. Phospholipids or phosphoglycerides. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol. Function of the various lipid classes. Amino acids and proteins. Structure. Amino and carboxyl group, group R. Carbon alfa. Classification based on polarity: hydrophobic amino acids (aliphatic and aromatic) and polar (neutral and loads). Special features of glycine and proline. Classification based on the essential character in nutrition. The peptide bond. Proteins. Primary structure. Terminals N- and C- terminals. Covalent skeleton. Groups R. Importance of the amino acid sequence for a protein. Secondary structure. Alpha-propeller structure. Parallel and antiparallel leaf structure. Ripening protein and mixed proteins. Tertiary structure. Interactions responsible for the tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Functional protein classification. Hormones: Classification Nucleic Acids: structure and function. Autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Prokaryotes. Bacterial Cell: Structure. Eukaryotes: animal and plant cells: cellular organelles (R.E., nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrioles and cytoskeleton). Functions. The Origin of Life on Earth, Miller's Experiment. Biological clock. Cell membrane, structure and function. Transport through the membrane: passive, diffusion, active. Mitochondria and chloroplasts: structure and function. Breathing and photosynthesis. Lactic fermentation, why? Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Enzymes. Function and general features. Active site and specificity of the enzyme-substrate binding. Functional Classification of Enzymes. Enzymatic activity. Factors that influence enzymatic activity (pH, temperature and substrate concentration). Metabolism, general concepts. Catabolism and anabolism. Production and use of energy by cells. ATP Total energy yield of carbohydrate catabolism. Central dogma of biology. DNA as the site of genetic information. The Molecular Fundamentals of Heredity: DNA as a Transforming Agent. Chromatin, histones. Organization of procariate genomes and eukaryotes. The interface nucleus and the chromosomes. DNA duplication and copy fidelity. Viruses: bacterial and animal viral loop and lysogenic. RNA and DNA. Cell division: mitosis and cell cycle. Meiosis, possible mistakes during meiosis: aneuploidy, polyploidy. Asexual cellular reproduction, bacteria. Sexual cell reproduction: oogenesis, spermatogenesis. Transcription. RNA processing. Messaging messengers in eukaryotes. Translation, prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Genetic code. Protein Biosynthesis. Point mutations. Genotype and phenotype. Alleles, multiple alleles: blood groups. Adjusting gene expression. Cell death (apoptosis, necrosis) General principles of stem cells.
Course program - Part B
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids. External bonds between glycerol and fatty acid in the lipids. Triacilglycerols or triglycerides. Phospholipids or phosphoglycerides. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol. Function of the various lipid classes. Amino acids and proteins. Structure. Amino and carboxyl group, group R. Carbon alfa. Classification based on polarity: hydrophobic amino acids (aliphatic and aromatic) and polar (neutral and loads). Special features of glycine and proline. Classification based on the essential character in nutrition. The peptide bond. Proteins. Primary structure. Terminals N- and C- terminals. Covalent skeleton. Groups R. Importance of the amino acid sequence for a protein. Secondary structure. Alpha-propeller structure. Parallel and antiparallel leaf structure. Ripening protein and mixed proteins. Tertiary structure. Interactions responsible for the tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Functional protein classification. Hormones: Classification Nucleic Acids: structure and function. Autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Prokaryotes. Bacterial Cell: Structure. Eukaryotes: animal and plant cells: cellular organelles (R.E., nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrioles and cytoskeleton). Functions. The Origin of Life on Earth, Miller's Experiment. Biological clock. Cell membrane, structure and function. Transport through the membrane: passive, diffusion, active. Mitochondria and chloroplasts: structure and function. Breathing and photosynthesis. Lactic fermentation, why? Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Enzymes. Function and general features. Active site and specificity of the enzyme-substrate binding. Functional Classification of Enzymes. Enzymatic activity. Factors that influence enzymatic activity (pH, temperature and substrate concentration). Metabolism, general concepts. Catabolism and anabolism. Production and use of energy by cells. ATP Total energy yield of carbohydrate catabolism. Central dogma of biology. DNA as the site of genetic information. The Molecular Fundamentals of Heredity: DNA as a Transforming Agent. Chromatin, histones. Organization of procariate genomes and eukaryotes. The interface nucleus and the chromosomes. DNA duplication and copy fidelity. Viruses: bacterial and animal viral loop and lysogenic. RNA and DNA. Cell division: mitosis and cell cycle. Meiosis, possible mistakes during meiosis: aneuploidy, polyploidy. Asexual cellular reproduction, bacteria. Sexual cell reproduction: oogenesis, spermatogenesis. Transcription. RNA processing. Messaging messengers in eukaryotes. Translation, prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Genetic code. Protein Biosynthesis. Point mutations. Genotype and phenotype. Alleles, multiple alleles: blood groups. Adjusting gene expression. Cell death (apoptosis, necrosis) General principles of stem cells.